| Henry I | |
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| King Henry I of Haïti | |
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| Term | 17 February 1807 - 28 March 1811 |
| Predecessor | Jacques I as Emperor of Haïti |
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| Reign | 28 March 1811 – 8 October 1820 (9 years, 194 days) |
| Coronation | 2 June 1811 |
| Predecessor | State of Haiti Himself as President of the State of Haiti |
| Successor | Monarchy abolished Jean Pierre Boyer as President of Haiti Next reigning monarch was Faustin I, starting in 1849. |
| Consort | Marie-Louise Coidavid |
| Full name | |
| Henry Christophe | |
| Born | 6 October 1767 |
| Died | October 8, 1820 (aged 53) Cap-Haïtien, Haiti |
| Burial | Citadelle Laferriere, Haiti |
Henri Christophe (who chose for himself an anglicized name Henry Christopher) (6 October 1767 – 8 October 1820) was a key leader in the Haitian Revolution, winning independence from France in 1804. On 17 February 1807, after the creation of a separate nation in the north, Christophe was elected President of the State of Haiti. On 26 March 1811, he was proclaimed Henry I, King of Haïti. He is also known for constructing the Citadelle Laferrière.
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Born Christopher Henry probably in Grenada,[1] the son of Christophe, a freeman, Christophe was brought to Saint Domingue as a slave in the northern region. In 1779 he may have served with the French Forces as a drummer boy in the American Revolution in the Chasseurs-Volontaires de Saint-Dominigue, a regiment composed of gens de couleur. They fought at the Siege of Savannah.[2]
As an adult, Christophe worked as a mason, sailor, stable hand, waiter, and billiard maker.[3] He worked in and managed a hotel restaurant in Cap-Français, the capital of the French colony of Saint-Domingue, where he became skilled at dealing with the grand blancs, as the wealthy white French planters were called. Such political skills also served him well when he became an officer in the military and leader in the country. He was said to have obtained his freedom as a young man, before the Slave Uprising of 1791. Sometime after he had settled in Haiti he brought his sister Marie there, where she married and had issue.[4]
Beginning with the slave uprising of 1791, Christophe distinguished himself in the Haïtian Revolution and quickly rose to be an officer. He fought for years with Toussaint Louverture in the north, helping defeat the French, the Spanish, British, and finally French national troops. By 1802 he was a general under Toussaint Louverture.
After the French deported Toussaint Louverture to France, and fighting continued under Rochambeau, Jean Jacques Dessalines recognized they wanted to reenslave the blacks. He led the fight to defeat French forces. As leader, Dessalines declared Saint-Domingue's independence and the new name of Haiti in 1804.
In 1806 Christophe was aware of a plot to kill Dessalines; seeing an opportunity to seize power for himself, he did not warn the self-proclaimed Emperor. The plot was said to involve Alexandre Pétion, a competing "gens de couleur"; as a half-white, Pétion held a weak position among the majority of black leaders and population and possibly viewed assassination as the surest way of removing Dessalines. However, this allegation has not been proven; other sources clear Pétion's name from the plot and say that he has been tied to it only on the basis of such conjectures. In any case, Dessalines was assassinated, and Christophe was elected to the newly created position of president, but without real powers.
Feeling insulted, Christophe retreated with his followers to the Plaine du Nord and created a separate government there. Christophe had suspected that he would be next to be assassinated. In 1807 Christophe declared himself président et généralissime des forces de terre et de mer de l'État d'Haïti (English: President and Generalissimo of the armies of land and sea of the State of Haïti).[5] Pétion became President of the "Republic of Haïti" in the south backed by General Boyer who had control of the southern armies.
In 1811 Henry made the northern state of Haïti a kingdom, and had himself crowned by Corneil Breuil, archbishop of Milot. The edict of 1 April 1811 gave his full title as
Henri, par la grâce de Dieu et la Loi constitutionelle de l'État Roi d'Haïti, Souverain des Îles de la Tortue, Gonâve, et autres îles adjacentes, Destructeur de la tyrannie, Régénérateur et bienfaiteur de la nation haïtienne, Créateur de ses institutiones morales, politiques et guerrières, Premier monarque couronné du Nouveau-Monde, Défenseur de la foi, Fondateur de l'ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Henri.
Henry, by the grace of God and constitutional law of the state, King of Haiti, Sovereign of Tortuga, Gonâve, and other adjacent islands, Destroyer of tyranny, Regenerator and Benefactor of the Haïtian nation, Creator of her moral, political, and martial institutions, First crowned monarch of the New World, Defender of the faith, Founder of the Royal Military Order of Saint Henry.[5]
He renamed Cap Français Cap-Henri. It is now called Cap-Haïtien.[6]
Christophe named his legitimate son, Jacques-Victor Henry, heir apparent with the title Prince Royal of Haïti.[3][4] Even in documents written in French, the king's name was usually given an English spelling. He had another son who was a colonel in his army.[4]
Christophe built for his own use six châteaux, eight palaces and the massive Citadelle Laferrière, still considered one of the wonders of the era. Nine years later, at the end of his monarchy, he had increased the number of designated nobility from the original 87 to 134.[7]
Politically, in the North, Christophe was caught between reinforcing a version of the slave plantation system in an attempt to increase agricultural production, or handing out the plantation land for peasant cultivation (the approach taken by Alexandre Petion in the South). King Henry took the route of enforcing corvee plantation work on the population in lieu of taxes alongside his massive building projects. As a result, Northern Haiti during his reign was despotic but relatively wealthy. He preferred trading with English and American merchants rather than French and Spanish merchants who did not recognize Haiti an as independent country; he ordered that Africans from outside the country be brought to Haiti to work on his vast projects instead of being traded to other Caribbean countries where they would be held as slaves. As a result, numerous Africans who were originally brought by the French as slaves came to Haiti. He made an agreement with Britain that Haiti would not threaten its Caribbean colonies; in return the British Navy would warn Haiti of imminent attacks from French troops. In 1807 the British Parliament passed the Slave Trade of 1807 abolishing the importation of African slaves into British territories: because of this increased bilateral trade, Christophe had gathered an enormous sum of British pounds for his treasury. By contrast, Petion's Southern Haiti became much poorer because the land-share destroyed agricultural productivity.[8]
One of Christophe's first acts as king was to create a Haïtian peerage, with four princes, seven dukes, 22 counts, 40 barons, and 14 chevaliers. Christophe also founded a College of Arms to provide armorial bearings to the newly ennobled.
Christophe's kingship was modelled in part on the enlightened absolutism of Frederick the Great. Thomas Clarkson, the English slave abolitionist, held a long written correspondence with Christophe which gives insights into his philosophy and style of government (Griggs and Prator). The king sought an education for his children along the lines of the princelings of enlightenment Europe.
Despite his efforts to promote education and establish a legal system called the Code Henry,[9] King Henri was an unpopular autocratic monarch. In addition, his realm was constantly challenged by that of the South, which was ruled by gens de couleur. Toward the end of Christophe's reign, public sentiment was sharply against what many perceived to be his feudal policies, which he intended to develop the country.[10] Ill and infirm at age fifty-three, King Henry shot himself with a silver bullet rather than face the possibility of a coup.[3] He was buried within the Citadelle Laferriere.[11]
Pierre Nord Alexis, President of Haiti from 1902–1908, was Christophe's grandson.[12]
Michèle Bennett Duvalier, First Lady of Haiti from 1980 to 1986, was Christophe's great-great-great-granddaughter.[13][14]
| Preceded by Jacques I Emperor of Haïti |
President of the State of Haïti 1807–1811 King of Haïti 1811–1820 |
Succeeded by Jean Pierre Boyer President of Haïti |
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